O descolamento de retina é considerado caso de urgência!

Extremamente importantes e ao mesmo tempo muito sensíveis, os olhos são responsáveis pela visão, um dos nossos principais sentidos. Durante o dia a dia, no entanto, eles estão constantemente expostos a diferentes circunstâncias que podem ocasionar traumas ou desencadear doenças. O descolamento de retina é um bom exemplo.

Além de causar muito desconforto para o paciente, aos poucos, quando não tratado devidamente, o quadro evolui para a perda da visão. Entenda como acontece e o que fazer nessa situação!

O que é descolamento de retina?

A retina é uma fina membrana localizada na parte de trás dos olhos, responsável por converter, através do nervo óptico, as imagens captadas em visão. O espaço entre a retina e o globo ocular é preenchido pelo vítreo, uma espécie de gel. Traumas e lesões específicas podem fazer com que a retina se desloque ou venha a romper.

Com o deslocamento ou rompimento da retina, o vítreo escapa, e o fornecimento de nutrientes é interrompido, acarretando um quadro de degeneração celular. Por isso, esse tipo de complicação requer cuidados urgentes para evitar a perda da visão.

Possíveis causas e fatores de risco

Os traumas são a principal causa do descolamento de retina, mas existem outras complicações que podem desencadear o problema. Esse tipo de doença ocular é mais comum a partir dos 40 anos de idade. Diabetes, tumores, degeneração do vítreo, histórico familiar e processos inflamatórios são fatores de risco para uma retina mais sensível.

Ainda, a incidência pode aumentar em pacientes que possuem alto grau de miopia, glaucoma ou passaram por cirurgia de catarata ou trauma ocular. Veja as três principais causas para o descolamento de retina:

  • Ruptura da retina: a retina pode romper quando entra em contato com algum objeto penetrante a partir de um trauma. O descolamento de retina ocorre, podendo afetar o vítreo parcialmente ou integralmente.
  • Tração vitreomacular: síndrome que afeta a mácula, localizada no centro da retina. Caracteriza-se pelo descolamento incompleto do vítreo em relação à retina e pelo acúmulo de líquidos na região.
  • Tumores ou doenças inflamatórias: esses são outros fatores que podem gerar o descolamento de retina. As patologias favorecem o acúmulo de fluídos.

Sintomas comuns do descolamento de retina

O descolamento de retina não causa dor. Mas, se o paciente for cuidadoso, poderá perceber claramente os sinais da complicação na visão. É possível notar:

  • Visão turva ou embaçada;
  • Flashs luminosos na visão;
  • Moscas volantes;
  • Em casos graves, perda da visão.

Diagnóstico da doença

Para evitar danos maiores, é primordial que o paciente procure um centro de urgência ao detectar esses sintomas. A confirmação do descolamento de retina é realizada através de três principais procedimentos:

  • Mapeamento de retina;
  • Oftalmoscopia;
  • Ultrassom ocular.

Como funciona o tratamento?

Após a confirmação do diagnóstico, o tratamento irá variar conforme a causa do descolamento e os sintomas do paciente. Em casos mais brandos, quando o descolamento não é total e não há infiltração do vítreo, recomenda-se a fotocoagulação a laser e a criopexia (congelamento da retina).

Esses procedimentos auxiliam na cicatrização da retina, evitando que o descolamento se dê por completo. Em casos mais graves, o paciente poderá ser submetido a procedimentos como vitrectomia ou cirurgia de retinopenia.

Dr. Lucas Tavares Faria
Dr. Lucas Tavares Faria

Dr. Lucas Tavares Faria é natural de Belo Horizonte, filho de Oftalmologista e descendente da primeira Óptica da cidade. Especialização em Oftalmologia e o fellowship de retina clínica e cirúrgica realizados no Centro Oftalmológico de MG, vem se dedicando ao tratamento clínico e cirúrgico das afecções oculares com foco nas cirurgias de Catarata, Retina e Refrativa.

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